The cat renal threshold is at least 9 times higher than inДogs, and thus any bilirubin is significant in this species. Male dogs also have theДЄbility to conjugate bilirubin in their renal tubules, which can lead to a Because of the low urine threshold, dogs can have a trace toДЎ+ reaction, especially in well concentrated samples. Which has a low renal threshold, bilirubin is not expected in the urine ofДomestic mammals.

Physical examination estimation of hydration statusД¤+ Glucose (>0.11 mmol/L or >2 g/dL) adds 0.008 вЂ“ 0.010 to USG Urine Bilirubin.USG helps verify that an azotaemia is due to renal failure rather than dehydration.Allow refrigerated urine to warm to room temperature for 20 minutes.Where possible the USG measured before fluid administration.Urine SG will increase by between 0.003 and 0.005 for every 10g/L of protein and 10 g/L of glucose present.

Large amounts of protein and glucose will alter the urine SG and should be taken into consideration when interpreting the urine SG results.For routine clinical purposes, it is determined using a refractometer.

Urine SG is a measurement of the density of urine compared to water.The USG is not affected but reading the line on the handheld refractometer may be more difficult. Turbidity is due to suspended particles in the urine such as cells, crystals, bacteria, casts, sperm and lipid droplets.Horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, and goats may have mildly turbid urine (mucus +/- calcium carbonate crystals).Freshly voided normal urine is usually clear to very slightly cloudy in cats and dogs.Described in terms such as clear, hazy, slightly cloudy, cloudy and turbid.Pigmenturia can hinder interpretation of other reactions, particularly pH, protein, and ketones.Дifferentiating haematuria from haemoglobinuria from myoglobinuria.Various drugs may cause colour changes (unpredictably).Yellow-green or yellow-brown is caused by biliverdin and bilirubin.Red is caused by erythrocytes, haemoglobin and myoglobin.It is thought to be from breakdown products of catecholamines and is not associated with a pathological process. Horse urine may turn red or brown with storage or exposure to snow.Horses and cattle may have darker yellow urine due to dietary pigments, rabbits and guinea pigs may have darker yellow to reddish brown.Colourless to straw coloured in cats and dogs is normal.Examine for colour through a clear container utilising a good light source and a white background.The dipstick pads for leukocytes, USG, and nitrite are not considered accurate in veterinary species and are not reported. This is followed by a dipstick (chemical)Д®xamination (glucose, bilirubin, urobilinogen, ketones, blood, pH, and protein),ДЄnd finally, a microscopic examination of the urine sediment. Properties of urine: colour, clarity, and USG. Component of routine urinalysis includes an assessment of the physical

Normal urine specific gravity